contain, include, embrace, involve, comprehend, hold, comprise

動(dòng)詞 include:

1. have as a part, be made up out of
2. consider as part of something
3. add as part of something else; put in as part of a set, group, or category
4. allow participation in or the right to be part of; permit to exercise the rights, functions, and responsibilities of
   同義詞：admit, let in

1. The graphic arts include calligraphy and lithography.
   平面造型藝術(shù)包括書法和平版印刷術(shù)。
2. My job doesn't include making coffee for the boss!
   為老板煮咖啡不是我份內(nèi)的事！
3. Please include me in the list.
   請把我列入名單中。
4. Is service included in the bill?
   帳單中包含服務(wù)費(fèi)嗎？

in.clude

v.tr.（及物動(dòng)詞）
in.clud.ed,in.clud.ing,in.cludes
To take in as a part, an element, or a member.
包括：作為一部分、成分或成員而包括
To contain as a secondary or subordinate element.
含有：作為次要的、附屬的成分而包含
To consider with or place into a group, class, or total:
放入，算進(jìn)去：納入或包括進(jìn)一個(gè)組織、階層或整體：
例句：
thanked the host for including us.
多謝主人把我們也算了進(jìn)來

來源：
Middle English includen
中古英語 includen
from Latin inclôdere [to enclose]
源自 拉丁語 inclôdere [關(guān)閉，封閉]
in- [in] * see in- 2
in- [入，進(jìn)入] *參見 in-2
claudere [to close]
claudere [關(guān)閉]

【引伸】
includ.able 或
includ.ible
adj.（形容詞）
<參考詞匯><同義詞>include,comprise,comprehend,embrace,involveThese verbs mean to take in or contain as part of something larger.
這些動(dòng)詞都有把某事物包括進(jìn)另一些大的事物，使之成為其一部分的意思。
Include andcomprise both take as their objects things or persons that are constituent parts.
Include 和comprise 均指把人或事物包括進(jìn)去并成為其組成的部分。
Comprise usually implies that all of the components are stated:
Comprise 通常指所有的成分都是固定的：
例句：
The book comprises (that is, consists of or is composed of) 5 chapters.
這本書有（意思是由…組成） 5章。

Include, like the remaining terms,more often implies an incomplete listing:
Include 和其余的幾個(gè)詞語一樣，更多是指不完全的納入：
例句：
included a reference to the accompanist in the review of the concert;
在對(duì)這臺(tái)音樂會(huì)的評(píng)論中提到了伴奏；

例句：
will include an amount for postage in my payment.
我的付款將包含郵費(fèi)。

例句：
.Through the process of amendment, interpretation and court decision I have finally been included in ‘We, the people’. (Barbara C. Jordan).
.經(jīng)過修正、闡述，最終經(jīng)法庭判定，我的名字終于被收入了《我們，人民》這本書中 （巴巴拉·C·喬丹）。

Comprehend andembrace usually refer to the taking in of subordinate elements as part of something broader:
Comprehend 和embrace 通常指納入一些附屬性的成分：
例句：
The study of art comprehends both aesthetic and intellectual considerations.
藝術(shù)學(xué)習(xí)中既包括美學(xué)，又包括知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)。

例句：
No single theory can embrace and explain every facet of human behavior.
沒有一種理論能包括并闡釋人類行為的每個(gè)方面。

Involve usually suggests inclusion as a logical consequence or necessary condition:
Involve 通常作為一種邏輯推理的結(jié)果或必需條件而被包括進(jìn)去：
例句：
.Every argument involves some assumptions. (Brooke F. Westcott).
.任何爭論都牽涉到某些假定. （布魯克·F·威斯克特）。

Some writers have insisted thatinclude be used only when it is followed by a partial list of the contents of the referent of the subject. On this account,one may writeNew England includes Connecticut and Rhode Island, but one must usecomprise or consist of when a full enumeration is provided:
有些作者堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為include 只包括一個(gè)中心內(nèi)容的部分組成。 根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，我們可以這樣寫新英格蘭包括康涅狄格和羅德島， 但我們必須用comprise 和 consist of 來表示全部組成部分已被列出：
例句：
New England comprises (not includes ) Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine.
新英格蘭包括（不是 includes ) 康涅狄格州，羅德島州，馬薩諸塞州，佛蒙特州，新罕布什爾州和緬因州。

This restriction is too strong.Include does not rule out the possibility of a complete listing. Thus the sentenceThe bibliography should include all the journal articles you have used does not entail that the bibliography must contain something other than journal articles, though it does leave that possibility open.When one wants to make clear that the listing is exhaustive, however,the use ofcomprise or consist of will avoid ambiguity. Thus the sentenceThe task force includes all of the Navy units on active duty in the region allows for the possibility that Marine and Army units are also taking part, where the same sentence withcomprise would entail that the task force contained only Navy forces. See Usage Note at comprise
這限制太嚴(yán)格了。Include 也可能指全部組成部分均已列出。 據(jù)此，盡管下面這句話參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)包括你所引用的所有的新聞文章 并不意味著必須含有除新聞文章以外的東西， 但是的確有這種可能性。所以，如果想要表明包括的內(nèi)容是全部的，使用comprise 和 consist of 就可避免混淆。 如此下面這句話特遣部隊(duì)包括所有在該地區(qū)活動(dòng)執(zhí)勤的海軍部隊(duì) 就帶有海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)和陸軍部隊(duì)也參加的可能性， 而同樣的句子如果用comprise 就表示任務(wù)小組必須只由海軍部隊(duì)組成 參見 comprise